Humans use glass in their every day life in one form or other. Glass is used for making containers, doors, windows, in automobiles and what not. Glass has been in use for more than 9,000 years now. Various glass technologies are being used by the glass manufacturers for manufacturing different kinds of glasses. The finished glass that we use finally is a super cooled liquid with no molecular structure. The molten glass softens at different temperatures which are used for making the glass bottles.
Main components used for making glass are sodium carbonate, silicon, recycled glass and calcium carbonate. They are mixed with other minor materials in a rotary tumbler. The ratio of the ingredients used depends on the type of glass that is required. If you are making crystal you have to use 45% of silicon dioxide. For Pyrex you need to use 80% of silicon dioxide. The minor ingredients are measured and added along with water. The amount of iron and selenium affects the color of the glass.
The glass mixture is then poured into a furnace and heated to about 1400 degrees Celsius in the beginning. It is slowly increased for 1540 degrees and the slowly comes back to 1400 degrees till the components are refined. Cross fire heating system is used for even distribution of the heat in the furnace. For making container glass it may take only about four hours. For making glass bottles the fore hearths remove the glass from the furnace. Hot and cold air is blown to reduce the temperature of the glass. The glass then goes into the forming machine where it gets molded in sections. Only ten seconds is needed for molding.
After the molding is over, it has to cool for a few minutes. The bottles are then sent to a kiln for reheating and strengthening. A spray-on coating is used for covering the glass. This may take about 20 minutes to 100 hours according to the thickness of the glass. Quality control is also very important in glass technologies. The glass manufacturers use different methods to test the quality of the glass. It may be human controlled or electronic method. Quality control makes sure that the ingredients are used in the right proportion so that the final products meet the exact requirements of safety and quality. Even the machines and the equipment used for making the glass bottles undergo quality check regularly for producing the best products.
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